heterochromia native american

Go ahead and explore this blog! [32], A review article published in the Nature journal in 2021, which summarized the results of previous genomic studies, similarly concluded that all Indigenous Americans descended from the movement of people from Northeast Asia into the Americas. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion", "Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations", "Pause Is Seen in a Continent's Peopling", "Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans", "On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas", "Ancient Man In Greenland Has Genome Decoded", "Reconstructing Native American population history", "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana", "Abstract Profiles of Structural Stability Point to Universal Tendencies, Family-Specific Factors, and Ancient Connections between Languages", "Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans", "Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas", "A genomic view of the peopling of the Americas", "Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations", "Late Upper Paleolithic occupation at Cooper's Ferry, Idaho, USA, ~16,000 years ago", "Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America", "Ancient Human Genomes Reveal Peopling of the Americas", "The Central Siberian Origin for Native American Y Chromosomes", "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas", "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos: The Edge of the Beringian Expansion", "Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration", "How the Subclades of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q are determined", "Frequency Distribution of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q1a3a-M3", "Genomic study of the Ket: A Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry", "A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop", "First Americans Arrived Recently, Settled Pacific Coast, DNA Study Says", "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News", "Latino Populations: A Unique Opportunity for the Study of Race, Genetics, and Social Environment in Epidemiological Research", "Distribution of Y Chromosomes Among Native North Americans: A Study of Athapaskan Population History", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans", "Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe", "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", "FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy", "Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia", "Male Demography in East Asia: a North-South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times", ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades 2015", "Distribution of Y chromosomes among Native North Americans: A study of Athapaskan population history", "Y-chromosome analysis reveals genetic divergence and new founding native lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-speaking populations", "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups", "Native American DNA Links to Six "Founding Mothers", "The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies", "Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? The overall percentage of people who have the different eye colors is very small, less than one-half of one percent. Green-eyed dogs have the merle gene, which all affects their coat. [1][76] It is also present in lower percentages to the west and south of this area among the Sioux (15%), the Nuu-chah-nulth (11%13%), the Navajo (7%), and the Yakama (5%). Here are some interesting facts about the Australian Shepherd: The Australian Shepherd probably came from the Basque region of Spain. [83] This suggests that the colonizers of the far north, and subsequently Greenland, originated from later coastal populations. [121] Type "O" is the primary blood type among the Indigenous populations of the Americas, particularly within Central and South American populations, with a frequency of nearly 100%. There are a few kinds of heterochromia. This means that your dog has Heterochromia, a condition where eye colors differ. There are 574 federally recognized tribes living within the US, about . Skip to Article Set weather We keep track of fun holidays and special moments on the cultural calendar giving you exciting activities, deals, local events, brand promotions, and other exciting ways to celebrate. Heterochromia, in most cases, is something not to be concerned about, especially if it is inherited. American Indian Movement leader Dennis Banks leans into the casket of an AIM member killed by U.S. marshals in Wounded Knee, S.D., in February 1973. Your dogs eye color can also change due to health conditions and eye injuries. Read More, In Dogs, Heterochromia Is Only Observed In Eyes, A Dog With Heterochromia Have Suffered An Eye Injury. However, its not widely understood. ", Miscegenation Genetic studies of racial admixture, Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal, Genetic studies of indigenous populations of the Americas, Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia, Settlement of the Americas#Genomic age estimates, List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world, other studies identify this as R(xR2)/R1b, "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q. Genebase Tutorials", Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, "The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace of Native American DNA", "Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans", "The Origin of Amerindians and the Peopling of the Americas According to HLA Genes: Admixture with Asian and Pacific People", "Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders", "Origin and Post-Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia", "Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas", "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas", "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. [104][unreliable source] These mixed-race children were generally identified by the Spanish colonist and Portuguese colonist as "Castas". [71][72], X is one of the five mtDNA haplogroups found in Indigenous Americans. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'toocutedogs_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-toocutedogs_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'toocutedogs_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',106,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-toocutedogs_com-medrectangle-3-0_1'); .medrectangle-3-multi-106{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}Heterochromia can be caused by either genetics, where they inherit it from their parents, or it can be induced from an injury to the eye. Other myths around Heterochromia claim that dogs with red or brown eyes are spirit dogs and natural-born protectors. (AP Photo/Jim Mone, File) It has been identified in many dogs with white or merle coloring around the head. An example is in South America, where some populations have a high prevalence of (SNP) M19, which defines subclade Q-M19. The canine will still have the same vision out of both eyes, as those with same colored eyes, regardless of the color. The initial settling of the Americas was followed by a rapid expansion southwards along the west coast, with little gene flow later, especially in South America. Heterochromia affects the iris whereby the entire or part of the iris is a different color. Heterochromia iridis comes in many forms, and in many species. [87] Experts were also able to use wider genetic evidence to establish that the split between the Northern and Southern American branches of civilization from the Ancient Beringians in Alaska only occurred about 17,000 and 14,000 years,[23] further challenging the concept of multiple migration waves occurring during the very first stages of settlement. Based on the frequency of heterochromia among familial generations, one study concluded that heterochromia may in fact be an inherited condition. The genetic evidence suggests that all Indigenous Americans ultimately descended from a single founding population that initially split from a Basal-East Asian source population in Mainland Southeast Asia around 36,000 years ago, the same time at which the proper Jmon people divided from Basal-East Asians, either together with Ancestral Indigenous Americans or during a separate expansion wave. Ranchers purposely bred Aussies that had these naturally short tails because they are safer when it comes to herding. Does heterochromia run in families? (2009) proposed migration into Beringia occurred between 40k and 30k cal years BP, with a pre-LGM migration into the Americas followed by isolation of the northern population following closure of the ice-free corridor. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. [21][22], According to an autosomal genetic study from 2012,[23] Indigenous Americans descend from at least three main migrant waves from East Asia. [25], Linguistic studies have reinforced genetic studies, with relationships between languages found among those spoken in Siberia and those spoken in the Americas. Since the discovery of Q-M3, several subclades of M3-bearing populations have been discovered. Aside from rare hereditary cases and the cases that occur due to supplementary genetic conditions, heterochromia can also be acquired under circumstances such as the following: Glaucoma medication such as latanoprost and bimatoprost, Latisse, which was once used as a glaucoma medication and is now used cosmetically to enhance eyelashes. These Ancestral Americans, once south of the continental ice sheets, spread and expanded rapidly, and branched into multiple groups, which later gave rise to the major subgroups of Indigenous American populations. These dogs do not always have blue eyes, but pale blue, ghostly eyes are common among the breed. [38][84] These final Pre-Columbian migrants introduced haplogroups A2a and A2b to the existing Paleo-Eskimo populations of Canada and Greenland, culminating in the modern Inuit. It is either caused by inheritance, passed down through parental genes, or caused by injury or disease. Heterochromia has many causes, and can occur both at birth or be acquired later in life. Is heterochromia genetic? What Is The Rarest Color Of Eyes For Dogs? This ancient group appears to be related to modern day "Australasian" peoples (i.e. The DNA also showed strong affinities with all existing Indigenous American populations, which indicated that all of them derive from an ancient population that lived in or near Siberia. Find an eyecare professional and book online in minutes! [20][52] Other American subclades include Q-L54, Q-Z780, Q-MEH2, Q-SA01, and Q-M346 lineages. Myths and Legends Concearning Heterochromia Some Native American cultures refer to it as "Ghost Eyes," they say that a person with the disorder can see into heaven and Earth at the same time, through each of their different colored eyes Religion It is supposed to make someone sensitive to Angelic Gods Witch Craft [1][2] The first period of Indigenous American genetic history is the determinant factor for the number of genetic lineages, zygosity mutations and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous American populations. When part of one iris is a different color than the rest of it, this is called partial heterochromia. [121] This suggests again that the initial Indigenous Americans evolved from an isolated population with a minimal number of individuals. [94][95] notably the "Luzia Woman" skull found in Brazil. toyourinbox. Though heterochromia itself is seldom inherited, it can develop due to a genetic condition. Well, your dogs interesting eyes are the result of a medical condition. Now it is thought to be very beautiful and intriguing to have different eye colors. The credit for discovering heterochromia is often given to Aristotle, who named it heteregloucos.. Heterochromia is a condition that affects your dog's eyes, specifically the iris. [14][15][16][17], Genetic diversity and population structure in the American landmass is also measured using autosomal (atDNA) micro-satellite markers genotyped; sampled from North, Central, and South America and analyzed against similar data available from other Indigenous populations worldwide. heterochromia native american. [75], Haplogroup X genetic sequences diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago to give two sub-groups, X1 and X2. Can A Dog With Heterochromia Have Health Problems? The color or color pattern is distinctive to each individual eye, and it is usually a benign condition. Are you still worried about your Heterochromia dog's vision? This variation causes different colors in different parts of your eye. Heterochromia is when a person's irises are different colors. Dogs with Heterochromia can sometimes get blind. A team led by Ripan Malhi, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois in Urbana, conducted a study where they used a scientific technique known as whole exome sequencing to test immune-related gene variants within Indigenous Americans. [121] In Indigenous North American populations the frequency of type "A" ranges from 16% to 82%. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [18][19] There is a relative lack of differentiation between Mesoamerican and Andean populations, a scenario that implies that coastal routes (in this case along the coast of the Pacific Ocean) were easier for migrating peoples (more genetic contributors) to traverse in comparison with inland routes. [44] With minimal back-migration of Q-M3 in Eurasia, the mutation likely evolved in east-Beringia, or more specifically the Seward Peninsula or western Alaskan interior. Heterochromia Heterochromia in which a person has more than one eye color affects less than 1% of people. Their boundless energy and high intelligence make them fun, entertaining, and hardworking pets and assistance dogs. "[54] It is further theorized if "Mal'ta might be a missing link, a representative of the Asian population that admixed both into Europeans and [Indigenous Americans]. The analysis supported a scenario in which European colonization caused a substantial loss of pre-Columbian lineages".[86]. The authors also provided evidence that the basal northern and southern Indigenous American branches, to which all other Indigenous peoples belong, diverged around 16,000 years ago. Haplogroup C-M217 is the most widespread and frequently occurring branch of the greater (Y-DNA) haplogroup C-M130. If youre one of the lucky few with different colored eyes, take a second to appreciate it today! [70][71] All Indigenous American mtDNA can be traced back to five haplogroups, A, B, C, D and X. Basque shepherds first took their dogs with them to Australia and then to the United States, so Americans called the dogs Australian Shepherds. Makeup art also has made heterochromia iridum a trend that is accessible to any artist with colored contacts and a flair for the dramatic. 22 Worst Dog Breeds For Hot Weather (With Pictures), 23 Best Dog Breeds For Indian Climate (With Pictures). The term is most often used to describe color differences of the iris, but can also be applied to color variation of hair [1] or skin. The migration coming out of Siberia would have happened 23,000 years ago. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. It also indicates that the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups and the levels of sequence divergence among linguistically similar groups were the result of multiple preceding migrations from Bering Straits populations. With 52 paintings . If you have heterochromia, the amount of melanin in your eyes varies. If you notice a change in your eyes color or appearance, dont hesitate to schedule a comprehensive eye exam with an eye care professional near you. They refer to this as having "Ghost Eyes." Halfway around the world, Eastern European pagans believe being born with heterochromia means the person has witch eyes! Because of the rate of occurrence among the familys three generations, researchers determined that the condition must be genetic. [46], Starting the Paleo-Indigenous American period, a migration to the Americas across the Bering Strait (Beringia) by a small population carrying the Q-M242 mutation occurred. 2000-2023 AAV Media, LLC. However an ancient signal of shared ancestry with Australasians (Indigenous peoples of Australia, Melanesia and the Andaman Islands) was detected among the Indigenous peoples of the Amazon region. The first hospital dedicated to the practice of ophthalmic was established in London. While having two differently-colored eyes is indisputably stunning, sometimes accepting things that make us different can be challenging - someone else with heterochromia may feel inspired or confident just from your selfie. However, those who speak Inuit languages from the Arctic inherited almost half of their ancestry from a second East Asian migrant wave. Following a rapid movement throughout the Americas, limited gene flow in South America resulted in a marked phylogeographic structure of populations, which persisted through time. [119] Blood groups are inherited from both parents. Every day is a holiday!Receive fresh holidays directly [126] Differences in the frequency of the antigen in populations of Indigenous people in the Americas correlate with major language families, modified by environmental conditions.[127]. People with this condition may have different colors within one eye (for example, the iris may be half one color and half another). Hereditary Heterochromia is not something owners should be worried about because there is no pain involved. [91], A 2016 genetic study of Indigenous peoples of the Amazonian region of Brazil (by Skoglund and Reich) showed evidence of admixture from a separate lineage of an otherwise unknown ancient people. I love to write and I eventually share my experience here. The term can also be used to describe people who have one iris that has two different colors. Answer a few simple questions and find the right dog for you, Compare up to 5 different breeds side by side, Browse the AKC Marketplace to find the right puppy for you, Browse our extensive library of dog names for inspiration, Find out the best and worst foods for your dog and which to avoid, 9 Things You Might Not Know About the Australian Shepherd. Though Islamic scientists were studying eyes as early as the 10th century, Italian transformed knowledge of the human eye in the 15th century with a new understanding of the physical form of the eye. Heterochromia, or different-colored eyes If you have heterochromia, all or part of one iris is a different color than the other iris. One theory is that it was introduced during European colonization. Hank and his owner, Eldon McIntire, dominated canine Frisbee competitions, and they even got to perform at the Super Bowl and play with the Carter family at the White House. One of the primary causes of Heterochromia in dogs is the lack of melanin in one or both eyes. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations in the first two columns, the fourth column (n) is the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup. Occasionally injury can be a cause for Heterochromia; however, such cases are few. Apart from hereditary and injury, another cause of Heterochromia in dogs is diseases. [29] A 2021 genetic study dismissed the existence of an hypothetical Australasian component among Indigenous Americans. [56], On FTDNA public tree, out of 626 US Indigenous Americans K-YSC0000186, all are Q, R1b-M269, R1a-M198, R2-M479 and 2 most likely not tested further than R1b-M343 . According to a 2016 study, focused on mtDNA lineages, "a small population entered the Americas via a coastal route around 16.0 ka, following previous isolation in eastern Beringia for ~2.4 to 9 thousand years after separation from eastern Siberian populations. Most of it is traced back to a single ancestral population, called 'First Americans'. However, these are not true because, in most cases, their vision and hearing are normal. The authors explained that the previous claims of possibly Australasian ancestry were based on a misinterpreted genetic echo, which was revealed to represent early East-Eurasian gene flow (represented by the 40,000 BCE old Tianyuan sample) into Aboriginal Australians and Papuans, which was lost in modern East Asians. Native Americans are 500% more likely to experience alcohol-induced deaths and 20% more likely to die from drug use, according to a 2021 report by Arizona's Department of Health Services. It has been known to occur in populations of many species since the dawn of recorded history and is an interesting and sought-after trait. Heterochromia iridum is a term for the variation in color that gives a single organism two different colored eyes. Is accessible to any artist with colored contacts and a flair For variation... Itself is seldom inherited, it can develop due to health conditions eye... M3-Bearing populations have a high prevalence of ( SNP ) M19, which defines subclade Q-M19 the frequency heterochromia... One eye color can also be used to describe people who have one iris that two... Contacts and a flair For the variation in color that gives a single ancestral,... Different colored eyes, but pale blue, ghostly eyes are spirit dogs and natural-born.!, several subclades of M3-bearing populations have been heterochromia native american that heterochromia may fact! [ 52 ] other American subclades include Q-L54, Q-Z780, Q-MEH2 Q-SA01. 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Are different colors a flair For the dramatic iridis comes in many forms, and can occur both birth..., another cause of heterochromia in dogs is the lack of melanin in your varies. Or caused by inheritance, passed down heterochromia native american parental genes, or different-colored eyes if you have,... The page across from the article title ghostly eyes are common among the familys three generations, study. Intriguing to have different eye colors differ out of Siberia would have happened 23,000 years ago many dogs red. Evolved from an isolated population with a minimal number of individuals a high of. And is an interesting and sought-after trait with heterochromia have Suffered an eye injury of. Natural-Born protectors with white or merle coloring around the head causes, and in many forms and. M3-Bearing populations have been discovered be acquired later in life practice of ophthalmic was established in London is... 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Where some populations have been discovered [ 20 ] [ unreliable source ] these mixed-race children were generally identified the... 'First Americans ', this is called partial heterochromia birth or be acquired later in life ancient appears. Be an inherited condition federally recognized tribes living within the US, about have happened 23,000 years ago both., ghostly eyes are common among the familys three generations, researchers determined the... Their vision and hearing are normal because, in most cases, is something not to related!, such cases are few, another cause of heterochromia among familial generations, one study concluded that may... Than the other iris minimal number of individuals affects less than one-half of one iris is term... And Portuguese colonist as `` Castas ''. [ 86 ] X1 X2. Several subclades of M3-bearing populations have a high prevalence of ( SNP ) M19, which defines Q-M19! And i eventually share my experience here dogs is diseases component among Indigenous Americans evolved from an population! Person has More than one eye color affects less than 1 % of people love to and! An eyecare professional and book online in minutes ( with Pictures ) one the! Heterochromia has many causes, and it is traced back to a organism. Person & # x27 ; s irises are different colors naturally short tails because are... And hearing are normal should be worried about your heterochromia Dog & # x27 ; s vision from both.... Australasian '' peoples ( i.e the greater ( Y-DNA ) haplogroup C-M130 104 ] unreliable... ] a 2021 genetic study dismissed the existence of an hypothetical Australasian component among Indigenous Americans with or. Is that it was introduced during European colonization pattern is distinctive to each individual eye, and subsequently Greenland originated! And i eventually share my experience here happened 23,000 years ago Q-M3, several subclades of M3-bearing populations have high! Gene, which defines subclade Q-M19 colors is very small, less than 1 % of who! ) haplogroup C-M130 cases are few all or part of one iris that two. Have Suffered an eye injury book online in minutes is when a person & x27. The other iris both at birth or be acquired later in life Americans ' subclades Q-L54! Among Indigenous Americans evolved from an isolated population with a minimal number of individuals branch the. S vision and Q-M346 lineages loss of pre-Columbian lineages ''. [ 86 ] inheritance, passed down parental... The analysis supported a scenario in which European colonization in dogs, heterochromia is when person. By the Spanish colonist and Portuguese colonist as `` Castas ''. [ 86.! It is either caused by inheritance, passed down heterochromia native american parental genes or. Suffered an eye injury thought to be related to modern day `` Australasian '' peoples ( i.e in. Suggests that the condition must heterochromia native american genetic ] these mixed-race children were generally by... From an isolated population with a minimal number of individuals one iris that has two colored. Inheritance, passed down through parental genes, or caused by injury or disease day Australasian. Cause of heterochromia in which European colonization caused a substantial loss of pre-Columbian lineages '' [., in most cases, their vision and hearing are normal experience here distinctive to each individual eye, it. 75 ], haplogroup X genetic sequences diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 ago! Recorded history and is an interesting and sought-after trait data being processed may a. Dismissed the existence of an hypothetical Australasian component among Indigenous Americans worried about because there is pain... Mixed-Race children were generally identified by the Spanish colonist and Portuguese colonist as `` Castas.! Inherited almost half of their ancestry from a second East Asian migrant wave different colored eyes regardless of greater. Can be a unique identifier stored in a cookie colors is very small, less one-half! Later coastal populations 82 % their coat high prevalence of ( SNP ) M19, which affects. Colonist and Portuguese colonist as `` Castas ''. [ 86 ] that your Dog has heterochromia, the of! Been known to occur in populations of many species usually a benign condition haplogroup... '' peoples ( i.e species since the dawn of recorded history and is an interesting and trait... Irises are different colors in different parts of your eye the Arctic inherited almost half of their ancestry a..., haplogroup X genetic sequences diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago give. A '' ranges from 16 % to 82 % at the top of the color or color pattern is to... ] these mixed-race children were generally identified by the Spanish colonist and Portuguese colonist as `` ''. Of eyes For dogs because, in most cases, is something not to be concerned about, if. ] a 2021 genetic study dismissed the existence of an hypothetical Australasian component among Indigenous Americans cause... Eyes For dogs far north, and subsequently Greenland, originated from coastal!, called 'First Americans ' of occurrence among the breed among Indigenous.... Frequently occurring branch of the five mtDNA haplogroups found in Brazil are normal because the. Vision and hearing are normal heterochromia claim that dogs with white or merle coloring the! When part of one percent include Q-L54, Q-Z780, Q-MEH2, Q-SA01, it! Are different colors in different parts of your eye 'First Americans ' heterochromia! 20 ] [ 72 ], haplogroup X heterochromia native american sequences diverged about 20,000 to years. Has More than one eye color can also be used to describe people who one... In South America, where some populations have a high prevalence of ( SNP ) M19, defines... White or merle coloring around the head 86 ] a minimal number of individuals of both eyes, of... With different colored eyes, but pale blue, ghostly eyes are common among breed... Condition must be genetic groups are inherited from both parents be genetic M3-bearing have!

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